Assess the view that the growth of fundamentalism is a reaction to globalisation.

Fundamentalists seem to go against the trend of secularisation, rejecting modern interpretations of faiths and seeking to return to the ‘literal truths’ of their religion. It is argued by some theorists that this is a reaction of globalisation. An argument could be that globalisation has led to traditional social norms and values being undermined, which has led to a sense of anomie. Thinkers such as Bauman would argue that in a post-modern society, individuals are constantly faced with choice and risk. Often there is a sense of uncertainty in a post-modern, however, fundamentalism provides individuals with a sense of certainty and consistency. It can be perceived that retreating to fundamentalism is a defensive reaction by those who feel their identity is under threat. Another argument is that modernisation (a key characteristic of globalisation) has undermined traditional faith, in turn causing a movement towards secularisation. Fundamentalist groups, such as the New Christian Right, seek to undo these changes brought about by globalisation that strive for increased diversity and personal freedom. For example, this group of radical Christians oppose the legalisation of abortion, sex education in schools and the legalisation of gay marriage. However, some criticisms of these arguments include Armstrong’s argument that Islamic leaders do not necessarily reject Westernisation, but believe it has been imposed too quickly without concern for the poor, which built up resentment that culminated in fundamentalism. Similarly, Beckford rejects Bauman’s argument, suggesting that it ignores the differences between groups of fundamentalists, instead groups them all together. Furthermore, the arguments do not seem to give a reason as to why not all those who oppose modernisation and change turn to fundamentalism. In conclusion, it would appear that although arguments exist about fundamentalism not being a reaction to globalisation, the main reason explaining the growth can be associated with social change. It appears that it has emerged as a rejection of change in society and as a way of trying to maintain the existing norms in society.