Gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (diffusion) occurs between the alveoli (tiny air sacs) and capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) inside the lung. Diffusion refers to the passive net movement of molecules from a high to low concentration, down a concentration gradient. The rate (speed) of diffusion is determined by Fick's Law (i.e. surface area * concentration gradient / length of diffusion pathway). The variables in the numerator are maximized and the variables in the denominator minimized, so the rate is as high as possible. I'll go through each variable separately:
These are examples of adaptations mammals use to maximize rapid gaseous exchange.