What is the best approach to writing a philosophy/philosophy and ethics essay?

Firstly, this answer is by no means extensive and may not apply to every single essay question. Often, philosophy/philosophy and ethics essays include a section where you need to predominantly outline and explain arguments or theories and a subsequent evaluative section. Being clear and concise is so important. If you lose marks for forgetting to include content or for including inaccuracies in arguments or theories, you will keep or gain some for getting to the point and providing a clear structure. I often find it best to keep the introduction short, this is particularly important when writing under timed conditions. Sometimes it may be appropriate to include some context but don't get too carried away, establish the theory you are going to present/argument you are going to defend and begin. Being clear does not mean listing everything! Just avoid decorative and unnecessary language. If you are needing to present an argument, try presenting it in premise form then explaining the premises, rather than as a chunk of prose. This format allows you to easily reference work you have already written later in an essay, 'A common objection to premise 3...'. Often, theories or arguments involve keywords, remember to include and, where appropriate, explain these! They show you are familiar with the argument. Add a linking sentence between every paragraph to help keep the essay flowing. Another important aspect of writing a philosophy essay is being able to evaluate arguments. You will often have to present your own opinion (I know this can sometimes be frustrating as you are forced to pick when you do not really know or agree, but it gets you so many more marks that sitting on the fence the entire time). Having said this, you must also acknowledge the potential weaknesses with your own standpoint or that of the argument you are defending. Your argument or opinion will not be without faults, (I'm pretty sure that is impossible in philosophy!) so make sure to address what a potential critic could say about your opinion - this also shows a deeper level of thinking and understanding.