Could we have nationalism without nation-states?

Before we can decide if nationalism can exist without nation-states, it is important to first clarify and define what we mean by 'nationalism' and 'nation-states'. Nationalism refers to the cultural similarities between its adherents and, simulatenously, creates a separation between the community and those perceived as 'others.' It derives much of its power from the nation-state and asserts that cultural boundaries should be coterminous with cultural bounderies. Nationalist groups make political demands; demands for control of a nation-state. A nation-state is a territorially defined, sovereign entity made up of citizens who are united by common traits, such as language or culture. While nationalism is connected to the nation-state in its political aspirations, it is possible for nationalism and nationalist movements to exist without nation-states. 

The Kurdish struggle for a nation-state is an example of a nationalist movement that is not connected to an existing state. Kurds live in Syria, Turkey, Iran, and Iraq. They claim a common identity and culture and their goal is the creation of a Kurdish nation-state. In this way, Kurdish nationalism can exist without a nation-state - the nation-state is the goal. Irish Nationalists seek a re-unified 32 county Ireland and object to the partition of the island in 1921. Nationalists see themselves as united by a common culture, shared use of the Irish language, and a shared struggle for the reunification of their nation-state. Nationalism can exist without a nation-state, however, a nation-state depends upon nationalism to unite its citizens in a shared identity and cause.