Milgram's research into obedience was met with criticism that the participants weren't protected from psychological harm, as they were led to believe that they were inflicting pain onto another person which caused many psychological distress, and two participants even had seizures. In addition, although participants were given the right to withdraw, verbal prods from the experimenter such as "the experiment requires you to continue" or "you must carry on " may have led to some participants feeling as though they couldn't withdraw, breaching ethical guidelines. Also, he participants were decieved, as they were told that they were partcipating in a study of memory and learning, rather than a study of obedience.