What are the impacts on host countries of voluntary migration?

Using the UK as a case study, voluntary migration has benefits and costs to the host nantion. Voulntary migration can help balance demographic changes to sustain a healthy working age population. In doing to this creates a greater workforce and reduces areas of pressure on the state and economy. Voulntary migration also allows for gaps in the job market to be filled, for example, 47.6% of employees in the fruit and vegetable processing and preserving sector in he UK are from EU countires. 

However, negative impacts on the host country would be that a greater influx of migrants can strain state resources, such as the NHS and education services, especially when the migrant worker brings across familys, with children being one of the greatest strains on such services due to their need for education and not contributing into the countries economy. Furthermore, increase in migrant populations means that there is a greater need for housing, putting pressure on the state and housing associations in the UK where there is already a housing 'crisis'. Also, not all the money is successfully reinvested in the host economy with many sending wages home to their country of origin, which, again, can put a strain on the state and the host economy. Lastly, there can be issues of cultural differences, creating racial tensions in host country. This is particuarly prevelant in areas of low employment, with the idea of volunatry or economic migrants 'taking jobs'.