How does a neuron transmit a signal across a synapse?

When an action potential from a pre-synaptic neuron approaches a synapse, the change in membrane potential causes voltage-gated calcium ion channels to open across the pre-synaptic bulb. Due to the high diffusion gradient, created by the active transport of Ca2+ ions out of the neurone, the ions rapidly diffuse into the pre-synaptic neurone. The increased concentration of Ca2+ causes vesicles in the pre-synaptic neurone to move towards the cell's membrane. These vesicles are filled with neurotransmitter molecules, and once the vesicles reach the pre-synaptic membrane they fuse to it and release their contents into the synaptic cleft. The influx of neurotransmitter molecules creates a diffusion gradient, and the molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft towards the post-synaptic neurone. Here, they bind to complementary receptors on the post-synaptic membrane and cause gated sodium ion channels to open. This causes an influx of Na+ ions into the post-synaptic neurone, due to the concentration gradient created by Na+ ions being pumped into the synaptic cleft. The influx of Naions causes a localised depolaristion across the post-synaptic membrane, as the inside of the cell becomes more positively charged. An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is created, and if this is strong enough to reach the threshold voltage an action potential will be transmitted in the post-synaptic neurone. 

Answered by Scott W. Biology tutor

3767 Views

See similar Biology GCSE tutors

Related Biology GCSE answers

All answers ▸

What is the difference between simple diffusion and active transport?


The average lifespan of a human male can vary from 40 years to 85 years. The lifespan partly depends on the things available in the country where the man lives. Suggest three things that would increase the chance of a man having a longer lifespan.


Describe how blood vessels are able to assist in the control of body temperature.


Pathogens are disease-causing organisms which can infect humans. Bacteria and viruses are two examples of pathogens. Explain the differences between bacteria and pathogens and give an example of each.


We're here to help

contact us iconContact usWhatsapp logoMessage us on Whatsapptelephone icon+44 (0) 203 773 6020
Facebook logoInstagram logoLinkedIn logo

© MyTutorWeb Ltd 2013–2025

Terms & Conditions|Privacy Policy
Cookie Preferences