Which realist explanations of international relations does liberalism accept and which does it reject?

This question could be asked at the beginning of paper one based on one of the sources provided in the exam paper. An example of an answer could be:There are multiple intersections where liberalism accepts realist constraints. For example liberalism recognises that states will act on their self interests and realises that the process of self interest is natural and subsequently tries to create a system where in the actors can all collaborate to work towards a common  goal as opposed to competing. Secondly liberalism agrees that there is no "higher power" or world government, that is to say that there is no authority above individual state governments. There is however, collective security alliances where members remain sovereign. The ideas that do not overlap with realism are the Kantian constraints which states that democratic government, economic interdependence and international law and organisations are able to overcome the security dilemma of the international system. International law is one of the key aspects of liberalism that is rejected by realism. Liberalism believes that there is no direct conflict between individual states and that a system of international law can provide basis for sustained peace. Penultimately liberalism additionally accepts that humans do not continually uphold good morals all the time and instead proposes that peace does not depend on a moral transformation as even a wicked person is able to understand how to promote self interest in cooperation and that this peaceful outcome is not rigid or determined and actors must learn from experience which includes war and consequently leads on the to final realist constraint which liberalism accepts - conflict. Liberals do not believe that conflict will never happen and accept that war is occasionally unavoidable however the preferable system to overcome conflict is to exhaust all other options - primarily negotiation -  before resulting to military action.

Answered by Ella B. Politics tutor

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