Explain Aristotle's Four Causes

In discussing the body and soul, many deem Aristotle to be a materialist, as he doesn't believe in the distinction between the body and soul like other philosophers such as Plato. Aristotle is often called a 'materialist' as he believe that the properties of an object do not differ from it. For example beauty is a property of a beautiful thing and we can only understand the concept of beauty through beautiful things.
To understand Aristotle's concept of the body and soul and the relationship between them, we must examine his four causes of being, found in his book Physics and Metaphysics. These four causes of being contribute to Aristotle's wider philosophy of substance. The material cause is literally what something is made out of, what it consists of for its existence. For example the human body is made up of cells therefore the cells are the material cause of humans. The formal cause is what defines an object into being one thing rather than another. For example the human body is the formal cause of the body which distinguishes humans from objects. The efficient cause is what causes any change. The efficient cause of the birth of a baby is reproduction. Every change we experience is caused by an efficient cause. The final cause is essentially the 'why?' question of the cause. It is the theory that all objects have an ultimate reason or purpose of their existence. It is the goal of their existence and therefore is the 'final' cause. According to Aristotle, if this is in place, all the other causes will follow.