To what extent was the Great Terror a result of ecconomic difficulties within the Soviet Union?

The Great Terror certainly held origins within the economic difficulties and outcomes of Joseph Stalin's policies of collectivisation and industrialisation, which fundamentally re-structured all elements of Soviet life. The Terror provided a justification for mass arrests, which in turn would supply Soviet efforts to industrialise their feudalist empire. The continued resistance of the peasantry to collectivisation continued, despite the arrest and deportation of 2.5 million peasants during 1929 to 1932, and the famine in Ukraine (prosaically known as Holodomor) which killed between four and five million. Stalin could therefore utilise the Terror to label resisting kulaks as class enemies, thereby vindicating his strategy of mass arrests and murder as a means to strengthen the Soviet economy, and finally industrialise to the point in which the USSR could 'catch up with the West'. John Arch Getty notes the origins of the Terror as fundamentally emerging from local Party officials ('little Stalin's) who enacted repressive policies from above in order to hide economic shortcomings. In this historiographical vein, the structure of the Soviet empire is deemed crucial to understanding the onset of the Terror, with economic difficulties producing a reactionary effect both at the upper and lower echelons of Sovet power. Conversely, historians of the totalitarian school, such as Robert Conquest, pin the birth of the Terror on ideological factors, namely the nature of Bolshevism which had practiced terror under Vladimir Lenin, thereby implying an ideological origin. Yet fundamentally, economic shortcomings from both collectivisation and industrialisation, which resulted in rural anarchy and asymmetrical industrial growth respectively, provided a tangible catalyst for Stalin's shift to terror, in order to simultaneously shift blame onto class enemies, and continue Soviet efforts toward economic modernisation.

Answered by Aaron M. History tutor

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