How is the Hawaiian Island chain forming?

The Hawaiian Island chain is a collection of volcanic islands in the Pacific Ocean that have formed over a hotspot in the centre of a tectonic plate, rather than at a plate boundary (where volcanoes commonly form). These unique islands are still growing and moving, and have been for millions of years. They are formed by a hotspot of volcanic activity under the Pacific tectonic plate. The hotspot is caused by a concentration of heat energy at the core of the Earth which is constantly heating the mantle above, creating rising magma plumes. Magma plumes are rising bubbles of magma (lava) in the mantle that eventually melt away the plate above. Over a long period of time, where the rising magma eats away at the plate above, exerting pressure, eventually a volcano forms.However, as we know, the Earth's tectonic plates are constantly in motion. The Hawaiian Island chain is formed by the movement of the Pacific over the stationary Hawaiian hotspot. Therefore, as the Pacific plate moves in the North-westerly direction, over the hotspot, the volcano that just formed will move in that direction, allowing a whole new process of formation of a volcano to form over the hotspot. The Hawaiian volcanoes move northwest at a rate of around 5 to 10 centimetres a year.

Answered by Romy M. Geography tutor

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