In Miller's 'Death of a Salesman', although we see suffering from other characters, such as Linda and Happy, who strive to support and impress Willy, Willy's own suffering is the most explicit to the audience. This is caused by his hamartia of "false pride" and his inability to accept reality which causes him to revert to fantasy and retreat into nostalgia. Miller expresses Willy's suffering through taking inspiration from the expressionist theatre movement, allowing the audience to see and experience Willy's subjective turmoil. At the same time Miller mixes this with theatrical realism, therefore the audience are able to see the reality of the situation, thus simultaneously reflecting the suffering of the other characters in the play. Arguably, the suffering of Willy is the most explicit of all the characters in the play, highlighted through both the expressionist influence as well as the title which claims Willy as the sole sufferer in the play; in this sense, the tragic hero is suffering alone.On the other hand, the play presents a feeling of constant suffering for all of the characters involved. This is underlined by the cyclic feel to the play's structure, undermining any sense of catharsis that the characters may have felt from Willy's death. This is reflected through the stage directions in the way that the "hard towers of the apartment buildings rise into sharp focus" at the end of the play, mirroring the "towering, angular shapes" seen in the opening stage directions. This presents a claustrophobic feeling that could be said to reflect Miller's condemnation of the American Dream, which he felt had evolved from embodying futurism and opportunity to instead encompassing capitalism and industry. The cyclic nature of the stage directions hints at the idea that the suffering is not only felt by Willy but by everyone trapped within the corrupt American Dream. This concept is reinforced by Happy's misunderstanding of the reasons for Willy's death, instead claiming that he will "win it for him", thus continuing the harsh cycle of the industry. Although the tragic hero is presented as isolated in the capitalist society of 1940s America, his suffering only reflects that of the whole society, therefore ultimately he is not suffering alone.
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