What is periodicity?

Periodicity is the trend in chemical and physical properties of the elements across each period of the periodic table.All elements in a period have the same number of shells, all elements in a group have the same number of electrons in their outer shells.Atomic radius decreases across a period and ionisation energy increases.However, there is a drop in ionisation energy between groups 2&3 and 5&6

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Periodicity shows a fairly smooth increasing trend across a period for ionisation energy. However, between groups 2 & 3 and groups 5 & 6, the trend doesn't appear to be followed. Using your knowledge of chemistry, explain why the trend isn't followed here


Benzene reacts with Chlorine gas in the presence of iron trichloride to yield hexachlorobenzene. However, when it reacts with fluorine gas, it forms a quinoid product (I would actually draw it for them - no need to know the name). Why the difference?


What is the difference between empirical and molecular formula?


What are isotopes?