Ethical naturalism is a realist cognitivist doctrine that states that moral judgements are declarative propositions that inform us about mind independent and meaningful information in the world which can be demonstrated to be true of false. Classic examples include Kantian ethics, Virtue ethics, Natural Law, Social Contract theory (Hobbes, Rousseau), Utilitarians who state that "goodness" can be defined or reduced to nature or natural explanations, e.g., reason, character, actualisation, social role, pleasure. There is also Ethical Supernaturalism, that reduces moral propositions to theological ones, i.e., God's nature or will. In other words, this view states that all moral facts/values/properties can be reduced or read off non-moral or physical facts/states, which is in line with the general thrust of reductionist approaches within the sciences (or scientism). Therefore, ethics is not autonomous and free standing. These views are opposed to non-cognitivism and/or antirealism, which states that ethical statements are not declarative propositional forms of knowledge; rather they are mind-dependent, expressive and/or imperative. Thus, they lack empirical factual criteria and truth verifiability criteria and are meaningless (c.f, Ayer's Logical Positivism).