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1.     stimulus excites membrane so Na⁺ channels open, membrane becomes more permeable to Na⁺ so Na⁺ diffuse into neurone down electrochemical gradient. Inside ...

There are 4 main hormones regulating the menstrual cycle. We can split them into 2 groups: FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinising hormone) made by the pit...

Both are processes which involve the filtration of small molecules (such as water, glucose, amino acids) out of capillaries, while larger molecules, proteins and cells (such as red blood cells) remain in ...

Blood enters the right side of the heart through the vena cava. In Humans this is divided into what we refer to as the superior and inferior vena cava. These terms essentially mean the top and bottom vena...

Protons are actively transported using ATP out of the companion cell into the cell wall, creating an electrochemical gradient. These protons then re-enter the cell by facilitated d...