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Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell, a pair in the 2s and two unpaired electrons in the 2p. For covalent bonds to form, each atom must donate one unpaired electron. Carbon makes four bonds because i...

The atomic radii of an atom is essentially the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outer shell of electrons- so atoms that are very small and have a small distance from the nucleus to the outer...

F2 has temporary dipole-dipole interactions known as van der Waals’ forces. Whilst HCl has permanent dipole-dipole interactions. The intermolecular forces in HCl are stronger than that in F2 (permanent di...

Imagine a bathtub that someone forgot to plug, but they left the tap open. If the water from the tap is running fast enough, after some time the speed at which water drains and the speed at which water fi...

Is the drug safe for human use?

Are there any side-effects? How significant are these?

What is the safe-dose? What is the maximum concentration of A...