Search over 10,000 free study notes

F2 has van der Waals’ forces, whilst HCl has permanent dipole–dipole attractions. Permanent dipole–dipole attractions are much stronger than induced dipoles. More enegery is required to break the stronger...

Azo dyes are coloured because they contain alternating single and double bonds, known as a conjugated system. This creates and areas of delocalisation above and below the plane of the molecule. This area ...

By adding Iron (III) Chloride to the solution and if it turns purple, it means a phenol is present. 

pH is the measure of the concentration of proton in an aqueous environment, which is denoted as: pH = -log[H₃O⁺]. pKa however, is prefered when comparing how strong an acid is becaus...

Benzene is made from an aromatic ring consisting of 6 carbon atoms and 6 hydrogen atoms, with delocalised electrons in the centre. Phenol has an additional hydroxy (-OH) group on the ring, and the oxygen ...