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A buffer is a solution which resists changes in pH when alkaline or acidic solution is added to it.

Buffers are created based on the equilibrium of a proton donor/ acceptor...

Firstly, we must consider the thermodynamics involved

It is known that a reaction is spontaneous due to thermodynamic favourability if the Gibbs Free Energy is negative. This is further b...

There are several different answers one could make and an exam question would just require one for each. 

1) Propanal - from the ending "al" this is an aldehyde.

 ...

The rate of every reaction, R, relies on many different things including pressure, temperature or concentration of the reactants. To simplify this everything expect for concentration are inclu...

By definition, all transition metal ions have d orbitals. These are normally degenerate, lying at the same energy level as there is nothing to break the symmetry.

However, in the presence...