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As you descend the group, the reactions become more vigorous, more exothermic and have a higher rate of reaction. Lithium will just gently fizz and produce a gas, sodium will melt into a ball shape and fi...

As the number of negatively charged electrons is equal to the number of  positively charged protons, therefore the overall charge is zero

By raising the temperature of the reaction mixture, the particles have more (kinetic) energy and so move around at a greater rate. This means there are more frequent collisions, due to the increased speed...

Covalent bonding is the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms to make molecules e.g. CO₂, whereas Ionic bonding is the transfer of electrons from one atom to the other to m...

There will be no need for state symbols.

First of all, to balance these equations, list the number of each atom, for both sides of the equation.

In this example, it would be:
...