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Graphite has a giant covalent structure consisting of layers of carbon atoms. Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons that are available for bonding. In graphite, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to 3 ...

The top number is the total mass number, particles in an atom of an element that have mass are protons and neutrons. So the top number tells us how many protons and neutrons there are in an atom of that e...

In a fractionating column there is a temperature gradient that goes from being very hot at the bottom, to much cooler at the top. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons of different lengths, and we know ...

In order to conduct electricity a substance must have charge particles, such as electrons and ions, that are free to move freely through it. In the solid state, ionic compounds such as sodium chloride hav...

Metallic bonding occurs due to electrostatic forces of attraction between a lattice of positively charged ions and a "sea" of delocalised electrons. (Draw diagram) These electrostatic forces are...