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The primary effects of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, those effects that occur as a direct result of the event, vary significantly due to the differing nature of the hazard involved and the differing...

Usually the action of water such as an estuary entering the ocean at a coastline provides conditions for erosion and constant flow which means sediment is washed away and transported in the sea and can no...

The processes of the hydrological cycle include precipitation, surface runoff, groundwater flow or through flow.

Precipitation is the process of clouds producing rain. Surface runoff is where water...

From the figure, the effect of the urban hear island on precipitation is demonstrated as the temperature is highest in the centre and most built up areas, at a peak of approximately 3.5⁰C compared to the ...

Longshore drift (LSD) is caused by a prevailing wind which is at an angle to the beach.  This causes waves to rise up the beach at an angle, and fall down the beach in a straight line, due to gravity.  Ea...