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Second messengers are used in the downstream signalling cascade of protein hormones. As these hormones are hydrophilic, they can't cross the phospholipid bilayer. Therefore, when binding to a specific rec...

Small intestines is longer (around 6m) and its luminal surface area is grossly expanded using villi and microvilli. It is the main site of action of digestive enzymes, most of which are produced by the pa...

light absorbed by pigment molecules (chlorophyll)causes electron to be raised to higher energy level; electron is passed along chain of carrier molecules in photosystem II

Glycolysis is a metabolic process that takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell and occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration pathways. One six-carbon compound is converted into two three-day on mol...

There are differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, that allow them to be distinguished. 1) There is compartmentalisation in the eukaryotic cells, meaning the eukaryotic cells contain structur...