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Y₃CL -> [Y₃C]⁺ + L^-(1 mark)Ligand leaves in first step. Can still show ligand as product anion but no need. Also accept any halide as leaving group.
Ste...

(Any diagram showing an iris that has constricted) 1 mark
In high light levels (1 mark) Accept reflex action due to increased photoreceptor action or words to that effect
circular muscles relax ...

Firstly, we have to substitute g(x) into the function f(x)So, fg(x) = (g(x))^2 +2
Next we must rewrite the equation on the RHS in terms of x only
So, fg(x) = (x-5)^2 +2
Next we must simpli...