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In hot environments, blood vessels under the surface of the skin dilate to allow more blood to flow through them. This causes more heat to be lost from the blood to the environment so body temperature dec...

Osmosis is the net movement of water down the water potential gradient, through a semi permeable membrane.

Red blood cells are highly adapted to be efficient at absorbing and storing oxygen to carry around the body to be used for aerobic respiration. There are th...

• Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder, which is caused by a mutation in the CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) gene. • The defective CFTR protein does not allow Cl...

• acid in stomach kills pathogens in food• skin forms a barrier / produces antimicrobial secretions• hairs in the nose trap (particles which may contain) pathogens• trachea / bronchi has mucus which traps...