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Humoral: An invading pathogen in the blood or lymph has foreign antigens on its surface. This activates B cells which then produce antibodies against the antigen.Cell mediated: One of the body’s own cells...

Blood glucose increases and gets too high, this is detected by beta cells in the Islet of Langerhans. Increase in insulin secretion, this speeds up the rate of glucose uptake by tissue cells. Glucose gets...

To begin with, sodium ions are actively (using ATP) pumped out of the ascending limb of the loop of henle, however, as the ascending limb is impermeable, water remains . This creates a lower water potenti...

First it is important to establish what a species is. A species is a population of similar organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring; meaning they are reproductively isolated from other s...