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Gas exchange surfaces tend to have the adaptation a large SA:volume ratio. This is advantageous as it increases the area over which gases and other materials can be transported into and out of the organis...

Nerve impulses are propagated in the form of action potentials, involving the rapid depolarisation of the nerve cell membrane from  -70mV to +30mV, before repolarisation occurs returning the membrane pote...

Second messengers are used in the downstream signalling cascade of protein hormones. As these hormones are hydrophilic, they can't cross the phospholipid bilayer. Therefore, when binding to a specific rec...

A catalyst refers to many types of different molecules or chemicals which can reduce the activation energy of a reaction without being used up itself. Activation energy is the minimum ene...