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Oxidative phosphorylation requires the electron carrier system; comprised of four protein complexes (complexes I - IV) as well as the enzyme ATPase. These are intrinsic enzymes that line the inner mitocho...

There are four main non-specific defence systems, all of which are immediate and the same for all pathogens (hence 'non-specific).1) skin: it acts as a primary defence mechanism as the dry, dead cells on ...

Idea ATP is needed for:1. Attachment / cross bridges between actin and myosin;2. Power stroke / movement of myosin heads in rowing action / pulling of actin towards the centre of the sarcomere;3. Detachme...

Mutations may be inherited or may arise sponataneously, resulting in distinct differences between individuals. Thus, given that genetic material is the single determinant of phenotypical characteristics, ...

There are 2 sounds heard by a stethoscope, the so called 'lub dub'. The lub being the closing of the atrioventricular valves (i.e. the valves between the atria and the ventricles). This is caused by an in...