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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to specialize. In animals/ mammals, they are found in the embryos and adult tissue and in plants they are found in the meristematic tissue in ...

Firstly, when answering an IB essay question, remember that you are noted through key words or concepts. I will put these in italics and then explain them. DNA is composed of nucleotides...

First, read the question carefully. It asks us to ‘Describe how mRNA is produced’, a good way to approach this is to go through the process step by step. Notice that the question is worth...

Respiration is the process which cells use to produce energy and happens in the mitochondria of the cells. Almost every cell carries out respiration. There are 4 main stages to respiration - glycolysis, t...

Action potentials are only initiated when depolarization above a certain level occurs, this level is known as the 'threshold potential'. 'Vm' is the resting membrane potential (voltage) and the depolarizi...