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The first stage of gene expression is DNA transcription. Transcription is the formation of single stranded mRNA from double stranded DNA. During transcription, the enzyme DNA helicase unwinds the double h...

Water is made up of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms. Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, meaning the electrons in the hydrogen-oxygen bond are slightly more attracted to the oxygen. This makes...

All three of these are carbohydrate polymers, formed from glucose monomers.

Glycogen and starch are both polymers of alpha glucose. These long chains of alpha glucose molecules, joined end-to-end, ...

Myleination of the nerve axon by Schwann cells allows for fast saltatory conduciton, as the Schwann cells provide electrical insulation. Gaps between Schwann cells are known as Nodes of Ranvier, whereby e...

Antibodies are  rapidly produced by white blood cells in response to the vaccination, and these antibodies kill the pathogens. Memory cells are produced in order to combat further infection more rapidly v...