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usually covalent structures cannot conduct electricity but graphene is one of the exceptions and this is due to its structure and bonding. It is a giant covalent 2D molecule, hexagonal in shape with 3 cov...

Answer: Heat with acidified potassium dichromate (IV), distilling off the aldehyde as it forms.
Explanation: To form an aldehyde from an alcohol the alcohol group must be oxidised. To do this we use ...

Stage 1: 1-2 marksFirstly, draw and explain the difference in structures between the two acids.
Stage 2: 3-4 marksThe unionised COOH groups in the ethanedioc acid contain two very el...

This is because the atomic mass of an element is the sum of protons and neutrons. While the proton number is specific for an element, the neutron number can vary for different isotopes of the element. The...

Covalent bonding