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First we need to calculate the total mass of a CO₂ molecule. This is done by summing up the individual masses of all the atoms. To find these, we look at the periodic table and see that the mas...

The electrons in chlorine are further away from the nucleus and in a higher energy level (3p for chlorine as apposed to 2p for fluorine). Chlorines electrons are better shielded and so feel less nuclear c...

Ionic compounds are formed when electrostatic attractions form between oppositely charged ions. These attractions are strong and so require a large amount of energy to break. This energy is provided in th...

1. There are four (4) groups of electrons around the central nitrogen atom (3 shared pairs and one lone pair of electrons)2) According to electron repulsion theory, the electrons move further away from...

First let us look at what the specification asks of you as a student:E.g. AQA GCSE chemistry specification 4.3.2.3 Using moles to balance equations (HT only) The balancing numbers ...