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This is due to the number of electrons in the outer shell of their atoms. Their outer shell is full, meaning it is difficult for them to give or take electrons.

Because carbon atoms have 4 electrons in their outer shell so always form 4 covalent bonds in a molecule, so the number of hydrogen atoms bonded can be inferred by subtracting however many bonds the carbo...

Make the student observe and analyse the electronic configuration of sodium and the trends in ionization energies for this element. We note a large increase in ionization energy between the 1st ...

All matter is made up of particles and there are three states of matter that particles can be in: solid, liquid, or gas. We can represent the different states of matter using the simple Particle Model, wh...

The first step is to calculate how many moles of iron and oxygen react together. Remember that moles = mass (g)/Ar (relative atomic mass). Given that the Ar of iron is 56 and the Ar of oxygen is 16, the m...