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The 1st ionisation energy is defined as the energy required to remove the outermost electron from one mole of gaseous atoms, forming one mole of gaseous 1+ ions. Moving from left to right the proton numb...

Ammonia is based off a tetrahedral shape, the central Nitrogen atom has 4 valence (outer) pairs of electrons, 3 in covalent bonds with Hydrogen atoms and one "lone pair" which are not bonded. Th...

This formation of a major product and minor product only occurs if the double bond is unsymmetrical (when the carbon atoms involved in the double bond are bonded to different groups), for example in buten...

ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between oppositley charged ionsionic bonding is between metals and non metalscovalent bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive nuclei and nega...

To obtain a top mark in an essay for A-level Biology it is vital that you mention areas covered under all the modules of the course- the questions that are asked are usually very broad and your answer sho...