Search over 10,000 free study notes

Aluminium has a lower first ionisation energy than magnesium. This is because it's outer electron is in a p-orbital in comparision to magnesium's outer electron which is in an s-orbital. The outer electro...

(a) Coal contains  Carbon (80%) Sulfur (9%) Oxygen (5%) Hydrogen (1%) other elements (5%) (b) Carbondioxide (CO2) Sulfurdioxide (SO2) Water  (H2O) (c)  Carbon dioxide: Global warming (green house effect) ...

There are a few reasons why percentage yield will never be 100%. This could be because other, unexpected reactions occur which don't produce the desired product, not all of the reactants are used in the r...

Double bonds consist of two types of bond, a pi bond and a sigma bond. The sigma bond is a single bond, and is formed by the overlap of two s-orbitals. The pi bond is formed by the sideways overlap of non...

So both are examples of very strong bonding. These are strong bonds that are difficult to break. With covalent bonds, the electron are shared between atoms whereas in ionic bonds the electrons are 'taken'...