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Firstly, we must consider the definition of first ionisation energy (1^st IE). Thermodynamically, it is the enthalpy change when one mole of electrons is removed from a mole of gaseous atoms of ...

• Fluorine is a halogen, these group 7 elements are reactive because they require just 1 additional electron to achieve a noble configuration. 

• Fluorine is the smallest halogen, ...

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You always start by defining what a buffer solution is: A buffer solution is a system that minimises a change in pH on the...

To answer this we must look at the structure of both. Phenol has an OH group attached whilst benzene has no side groups. The OH is electron donating, the P orbital on the Oxygen overlaps with the delocali...

Atoms and ions are both made up of proton's and neutrons in the nucleus with electrons orbiting around. The difference is atom's have equal number of proton's and electrons while ions have more or less el...