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The Bouma sequence is used to identify turbidite (underwater debris flows) deposits within the rock record. It has five subclassifications:T_e - massive mudstoneT_d - planar laminated ...

Crystal size is used to distinguish between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks. Intrusive rocks such as granite will have coarse crystals whereas extrusive rocks such as basalt will have fine glassy cr...

Both oceanic and continental crust are less dense than the underlying mantle rocks which are ~3.3g/m³ and therefore they 'float' on top of the mantle. Oceanic crust is formed primarily of dense...

Continental Drift is a theory credited to Alfred Wegner in the early 1900s. This theory implies that the continents were once joined in one supercontinent called Pangaea and have since drifted apart. The ...

An anticline is an arch-like fold which has the oldest beds at its core and the layers become younger towards the edges of the fold. A typical anticline is convex up in which the hinge or crest is where t...