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The primary ingredient for a volcano is magma. Magma is what we call melted rock. When rocks melt at depth they become less dense than the solid rocks around them and therefore they rise to the surface of...

Bivalves - Firstly they have two identical valves make up the main shell. They also grow from a few mm to 1m in size such as the giant clam. In order to close the valves, a pair of adductor muscles contra...

When beds undergo folding, the fold hinge stretches and experiences tension which can create extensional joints during compression. Often the fractures will infill with a mineral precipitate, forming a ve...

When a lava cools in forms air bubbles which can then burst. Leaving a hollow vesicle behind. Amygdales are vesciles infilled by minerals. Hydrothermal water with dissolved minerals pass through vesicles....