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Validity is a complex issue to understand as it is closely linked with reliability.

Ultimately, it can be defined as the extent to which something measures what it is supposed to. In simple terms, ...

A good essay will always have a good balance between outline, evaluation and (if there's a 'stem' in the question) application. You need to make sure that you outline the theory/treatment, but that you al...

There are two common forms of treatments that are based on the conditioning explanations of phobias. If phobias are acquired through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning, sys...

Reinforcement is anything that increases the frequency of a behaviour. Punishment decreases the frequency. Reinforcement can be split into two categories: positive reinforcement refers to adding something...

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) proposed a model of memory that consists of three stores: the sensory store, short-term memory and long-term memory. The sensory store receives information about the world fro...