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Solvent levelling refers to the effect of the solvent on the properties of acids and bases. The apparent acidity of a solution is limited, or levelled, by the basicity of the solvent it is in. A very stro...

Le Chetelier's Principal gives us a guide to work out what will happen when we change the conditons of a reaction in dynamic equilibrium. It states that if the dynamic equilibiurm is disturbed, the equili...

Gibbs Free Energy change: (delta)G = (delta)H - T(delta)S For a spontaneous chemical reaction, (delta)G must be negative. An endothermic reaction has a positive (delta)H value therefore, in order for the ...

The rate of a reaction is the rate at which reagents are used up and product are formed. Reaction rates depend on concentration. A typical rate law is rate=k*[A]^m*[B]ⁿ. To find the v...

Ionisation energy is the energy required to remove one mole of electrons from gaseous atoms. As you go down the group there are more orbitals so the outer electron which you will remove becomes further fr...