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A Born-Haber cycle shows how one mole of an ionic lattice is formed from its elements in their standard states and their standard conditions. You start with the elements in their standard states, and at e...

Metals are arranged in a regular lattice structure with the positive ions being held together via a sea of delocalised negative electrons.

Aluminium has a lower first ionisation energy than magnesium. This is because it's outer electron is in a p-orbital in comparision to magnesium's outer electron which is in an s-orbital. The outer electro...

Double bonds consist of two types of bond, a pi bond and a sigma bond. The sigma bond is a single bond, and is formed by the overlap of two s-orbitals. The pi bond is formed by the sideways overlap of non...

If a factor affecting the position of an equlibirum is altered, the position fo equlibrium shifts to oppose the effect of the change.