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Aluminium has a lower first ionisation energy than magnesium. This is because it's outer electron is in a p-orbital in comparision to magnesium's outer electron which is in an s-orbital. The outer electro...

Double bonds consist of two types of bond, a pi bond and a sigma bond. The sigma bond is a single bond, and is formed by the overlap of two s-orbitals. The pi bond is formed by the sideways overlap of non...

If a factor affecting the position of an equlibirum is altered, the position fo equlibrium shifts to oppose the effect of the change. 

first, consider balanced equation: consider reaction occuring: NaOH + H₂SO₄ --> Na₂SO₄ + H₂O (neutralisation) ions present in each reactant...

A heterogeneous catalyst a catalyst that is in a alternative phase/state to the reactants. The first stage of catalysis by a heterogeneous catalyst is absorption of the reactants onto the surface of the c...