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Compared to water ice is less dense this is due to hydrogen bonds in the open lattice holding the H₂O molecules apart whereas in liquid form the hydrogen bonds break allowing the molecules of w...

Molecular shape depends on the number of electron pairs around the central atom. Electrons are negatively charged and so each of the electron pairs will repel each other. Lone pairs tend to repel more tha...

During analysis of benzene we see that the bond lengths and angles are all the same. In the theoretical molecule however, due to the differing lengths of bonds between double and single bonds, the bond le...

Atomic radius increases
Although nuclear charge increases, this is outweighed by the increased shielding from inner shell electrons
Therefore, nuclear attraction to the delocalised electrons dec...

What is an atomic orbital? Electrons are not entirely confined within the atom. An orbital is the defined space around the central nucleus of an atom where electrons are predicted to be. Each can contain ...