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The outer electron on aluminium is removed from the 3p sub-level, whereas the outer electron on magnesium is removed from the 3s sub-level.The 3p sub-level is higher in energy than the 3s sub-level.Alumin...

Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) have the same charge as magnesium ions (Mg²⁺) but Ca²⁺ ions have a larger ionic radius (as ionic radius increases down the group). This means Ca^2+...

Step 1: Nitration of benzene Benzene + conc. H₂SO₄ + conc. HNO₃ with heat & under reflux --> Nitrobenzene Step 2: Reduction of nitrobenzene Nitrobenzene + tin + con...

Ionisation energy generally increases across a period in the periodic table. This is because across a period, one more proton is added to the nucleus. This increases the quantity of positive charge so the...

To calculate the pH of a solution/compound, we can use the equation: pH = - log₁₀[H+]Within the sodium hydroxide solution, you would observe Na + and OH - ions so in order to find the concentra...