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Although benzene is often drawn with alternating single and double bonds (Kekule structure), this is not representative of what is actually going on. Refer back to the structure of a C=C double bond, whic...

Exothermic and Endothermic reactions refer to if the change in Enthalpy of a reaction is negative or positive respectively.
If a reaction is exothermic that means that enthalpy change is nega...

Complexes are formed through ligand binding (donation of a pair of electrons to the central metal atom), and the shape of the complexes is usually determined by steric factors - or how the ligands ...

The first ionisation energy of an element is the amount of energy required to remove the outermost electron. This increases across the peroid as there is an increase in proton number so higher nuclear cha...

Barium has more electrons shells than calcium, so the nuclear shielding is stronger, and the outmost electrons are further away from the nucleus. This results in a weaker attractive force between the elec...