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Buffers are solutions of acid and base which work to minimise changes in pH following the addition of small amounts of acid or base. Ideal buffers are made of a weak acid (i.e. one which does not fully di...

Water has a higher boiling point because the hydrogen bonds that form among water molecules are stronger than the Van der Waals interactions among methane molecules, thus more energy must be provided in o...

Each carbon atom in graphite is bonded to three other carbon atoms. These carbon atoms are linked by covalent bonds - which are very strong. Graphite is arranged in sheet like structures and between each ...

CH3COOH + H2O ⇌ CH3COO– + H3O+

First we must consider what an elecrophile is. An electrophile is a molecule or ion which is attracted to (and accepts electrons from) electron dense regions in other molecules, because it is positively c...