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The purpose of a mechanism in organic chemistry is to show the movement of electron density leading to the reaction. Keeping this in mind, when faced with the starting materials, the first thing to identi...

For a reaction to occur between particles (reactants) they must overcome an energy barrier. This is called the activation energy. A catalyst provides an alternative pathway for the reaction, that has a lo...

A covalent bond is formed by a shared pair of electrons between two atoms.

The reagents needed are sulphuric acid and nitric acid. It may be useful to notice that nitric acid here acts as a stoichiometric reagent, in that it is used up in the reaction to nitrate the toluene, but...

Le Chatelier's principle states that is there is a change in concentration, pressure or temperature, the equilibrium will move in order to counteract the change. Firstly temerature - in an reversible reac...