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The reagents needed are sulphuric acid and nitric acid. It may be useful to notice that nitric acid here acts as a stoichiometric reagent, in that it is used up in the reaction to nitrate the toluene, but...

Le Chatelier's principle states that is there is a change in concentration, pressure or temperature, the equilibrium will move in order to counteract the change. Firstly temerature - in an reversible reac...

Metallic bonding occurs as a result of the electrical attraction forces between the protons in the nuclei of the metal species and the delocalised electrons (which form a sea of electrons surrounding the ...

First ionisation energy is the energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms, to produce one mole of gaseous ions each with a (+1) charge.

Barium has more energy le...

You will need an underlying knowledge of the structure of benzene to answer this question. Benzene (C6H6) is formed from 6 carbon atoms arranged in a ring. [draw benzene] Each carbon atom has 4 bonding el...