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Bond lengths - a single bond is 0.153nm while a double bond is 0.134nm, making Kekulé's model of alternating single and double bonds asymmetric. Other evidence shows benzene to be symmetr...

As the charge of an ion increases, so does its charge density. The ion can therefore form stronger electrostatic forces of attraction, resulting in stronger bonds. As these bonds form to produce a lattice...

An aldehyde will react with Tollen's reagent to form a characteristic silver mirror, whereas a ketone will not react. This is because an aldehyde can be oxidised to a carboxylic acid, reducing Tollen's re...

First of all we must appreciate the general trend in these ionisation energies. The will always be endothermic (takes in energy) since we must put energy into a system to overcome the strong electrostatic...

Boron is the 5th element in the periodic table, and has an electron configuration 1s²2s²2p¹. The first ionization energy of Boron is the energy required to remove the s...