Search over 10,000 free study notes

Both aldehydes and ketones have a carbonyl functional group (C=O), however in aldhydes the carbonyl carbon atom is the terminal carbon of the chain, whereas in ketones the carbonyl carbon has two alkyl...

Covalent bonding is the sharing of pairs of electrons between two non-metallic atoms.

Ionic bonding is where electrons are transferred from one atom to another, usually from a metallic at...

The easiest way to think about this is as the 'law of opposites' TemperatureExothermim reactions: If temp is increased then the reaction moves in the direction to reduce this rise of temp by shifti...

As you progress down the group:- Atomic radius increases, therefore there is more electron shielding.- There is an increase in the nuclear charge, however it is outweighed by the increase in shielding.- I...

Le Châtelier's principle is that when a system has reached a dynamic equilibrium the position of equilbrium will move to resist any change that is imposed on it.

For exampl...