Search over 10,000 free study notes

The ionisation energy of an element is the energy required to remove the one of the outermost electrons from an atom of the element in its gaseous state. 

 This is quite a difficult proce...

Firstly note that in general aldehydes are more reactive than ketones. This is a result of two effects: 

1. Ketones are more sterically hindered.

2. Alkyl groups are electro...

A mass spectrometer is a piece of lab equipment used to measure the relative atomic masses of atoms and molecules. It is widely used to identify substances in the lab.

The process is ofte...

Effective Nuclear Charge is the net positive nuclear charge experienced by a valence electron orbiting the positively charged nucleus in an atom. Effective nuclear charge is redcued by:

-...

The pi-bonds in benzene are delocalised over the entire ring, while in an alkene the pi-bonds are only delocalised over two carbon atoms. This means that benzene has a lower charge denisity than an alk...