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Neither iodine or chlorine have permanent dipoles because there is no difference in electronegativity between the atoms, so there are no permanent dipole : permanent dipole interactions. There are also no...

Hydrogen bonds are the strongest, which are possible only between H and F, O or N because of the difference in electronegativity; then, permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions come second as they f...

Using the AQA specimen data sheet we see that the RAMs of the following elements areCa = 40.1H = 1.0C = 12.0O = 16.0Therefore the total mass for one mole isCa + 2x(H + C + O+O+O)= 40.1 + 2x(1+12+16+16+16)...

The main factor influencing a given compound's state is the strength of intermolecular forces - those need to be larger than the thermal energy for a compound to be solid/liquid. For CO2 the only type of ...

Ionisation energy is defined as the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion. As we descend down a periodic group we must think about how the atomic radius...